Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridus) stem with leaf scar.
Some kind of moss. The little orange capsules on the stalks will open to release spores.
More moss, on a log.
Moss, lichen, and roots on a rotting log near water.
Top to bottom, trees at a glance: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a true Fir (Abies sp.), and Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).